日本永住（永住）的条件与新规则

法律有哪些要求？

依据 2026-10-01 施行时的《出入国管理及难民认定法》，法务大臣只有在申请人同时符合品行端正和独立生计两项条件、且其永住被认为符合日本利益时，才能许可永住。

出入国在留管理厅（ISA）2026-10-01 的指引称永住是活动和在留期间均无限制的最稳定的资格，因此对申请审查格外慎重。“利益”要件不是只要不损害日本即可，而要对日本有积极而具体的益处。

需要居住多少年？

原则上，申请时应在日本连续居住 10 年以上，其中至少 5 年处于就劳类或居住类资格。定住者（定住者）连续居住 5 年即可申请。高度专门职得分 70 分以上可在 3 年后申请，80 分以上可在 1 年后申请。

在 2026-10-01 的指引中，技能实习、育成就劳、特定技能（i）、企业内转勤和部分特定活动的期间不计入上述 5 年。2026-02-24 的旧文本只排除技能实习和特定技能（i）。

配偶和子女怎么办？

日本人、永住者或特别永住者的配偶和子女，不必满足品行端正和独立生计两项条件。2027-04-01 起提交的申请，配偶路径需要 5 年以上真实婚姻加在日本连续居住 3 年，亲生子女需要 3 年。

按 2026-02-24 的旧文本，配偶路径为 3 年以上真实婚姻加连续居住 1 年，子女为 1 年。

我的申请适用哪一版指引？

适用哪一版文本取决于提交申请的日期。2026-03-31 以前的申请适用旧指引；2026-04-01 至 2027-03-31 的申请同样适用旧指引，但 2026-10-01 指引中关于收入和公共负担的条款也一并适用；2027-04-01 以后的申请全面适用 2026-10-01 的指引。

2027-04-01 起新增：申请前 10 年内，无正当理由单次离境 6 个月以上，或累计离境 2 年 6 个月以上，会被不利考虑。除非属于免除对象，还要求日语达到 CEFR B1 以上。

ISA 表示，证明 B1 的考试将在 2027-04-01 开始运行前公布，对日本制度和规则理解的确认方法也会在此之前确定。截至 2026-10-01，官方页面没有说明认可哪些考试、分数或证明。

纳税、年金和收入如何审查？

未缴纳的税款和公共负担会被不利考虑。税款包括所得税、居民税、法人税和固定资产税；公共负担包括公共医疗保险和年金保险费。即使申请时已无欠缴，过去有过滞纳处分等不缴纳记录，一般也会被不利考虑。

收入的判断标准是家庭年收入是否持续超过同等规模日本家庭的平均收入。指引没有给出日元金额，ISA 在 2026-10-01 表示不打算公布这些金额。

2027-04-01 起提交的申请，指引还会看申请人预计能领取的年金，并与以高于日本家庭平均收入的收入在厚生年金中缴纳 30 年的人的年金相比较。若不足，能够弥补差额的金融资产可视为补足。

费用、办理时间和申请方式

2026-10-01 以后受理的申请，手续费为 200,000 日元，在许可时缴纳。2026-09-30 以前受理的申请仍按旧标准缴纳 10,000 日元。

公布的标准办理期间为 4 至 6 个月。实际上，2026-08 许可的案件从受理到通知平均用了 309 天。

申请须以纸质形式提交至申请人住所所在地的地方出入国在留管理局，不能使用在线系统。必须在现有在留期间届满前提交。对结果没有行政不服申诉程序。

是什么

• The Immigration Services Agency says that writing 'compliance with obligations under the Act and payment of taxes and public charges' into the permanent-residence test merely codifies the 'proper performance of public duties' the guidelines already required; it adds no new requirement and does not tighten the conditions.
  永住許可制度の適正化Q＆A Ｑ７ · 2026-10-22 核对
• Permanent residence is described as the most stable legal status, with no limit on activities or period of stay, so applications are to be examined with particular care.
  永住許可に関するガイドライン（令和８年１０月１日改定） 第1の1 · 2026-10-22 核对 · 自 2027-04-01 起施行
• The national-interest condition requires more than not harming Japan: the applicant's permanent residence must positively and concretely benefit the country.
  永住許可に関するガイドライン（令和８年１０月１日改定） 第2の5(1) · 2026-10-22 核对 · 自 2027-04-01 起施行
• In the October 2026 guideline, 'work-purpose status' excludes Technical Intern Training, Employment for Skill Development, Specified Skilled Worker (i), Intra-company Transferee and some Designated Activities, so time in those statuses does not count toward the 5-year work-status period.
  永住許可に関するガイドライン（令和８年１０月１日改定） 第2の4(2)注２ · 2026-10-22 核对 · 自 2027-04-01 起施行
• In the February 2026 guideline only Technical Intern Training and Specified Skilled Worker (i) are carved out of the work-status years counted toward the 5-year work-or-residence-status requirement.
  永住許可に関するガイドライン（令和８年２月２４日改訂） 1(3)ア · 2026-10-22 核对 · 自 2026-02-24 起施行
• Periods in Designated Activities that are only temporary or exceptional, such as continued job-hunting, a confirmed job offer, start-up activity by graduates or refugee-application pending, are not counted in the 10-year period.
  永住許可に関するガイドライン（令和８年１０月１日改定） 第5 · 2026-10-22 核对 · 自 2027-04-01 起施行
• Income of household members who hold a status not aimed at work, such as Dependent, is not added to the household income, because they may earn only under limited permission.
  永住許可に関するガイドライン（令和８年１０月１日改定） 第2の4(2) · 2026-10-22 核对 · 自 2026-10-01 起施行
• Relatives the applicant supports, including those living abroad, are added to the household size even if they do not live with the applicant, and households of five or more get a higher income benchmark.
  永住許可に関するガイドライン（令和８年１０月１日改定） 第2の4(2) · 2026-10-22 核对 · 自 2026-10-01 起施行

谁符合

• Under the Immigration Control Act as in force on 1 October 2026, the Minister of Justice may grant permanent residence only to a person who meets both the good-conduct and independent-livelihood conditions and whose permanent residence is judged to benefit Japan.
  出入国管理及び難民認定法（e-Gov 法令検索・2026-10-01施行時点） 第22条第2項 · 2026-10-22 核对 · 自 2026-10-01 起施行
• A spouse or child of a Japanese national, a permanent resident or a special permanent resident does not have to meet the good-conduct and independent-livelihood conditions, and a person recognised as needing protection by UNHCR or a similar international body and meeting the ministerial-ordinance conditions is exempt from the livelihood condition.
  出入国管理及び難民認定法（e-Gov 法令検索・2026-10-01施行時点） 第22条第2項ただし書 · 2026-10-22 核对 · 自 2026-10-01 起施行
• The applicant should hold the longest period of stay available for the current status; for filings made up to 31 March 2027 a 3-year period is treated as the longest, and someone who still holds a 3-year period on 31 March 2027 gets the same treatment only for a first application filed from 1 April 2027 and decided before that period ends.
  永住許可に関するガイドライン（令和８年１０月１日改定） 第2の5(6)注４ · 2026-10-22 核对 · 自 2026-10-01 起施行
• The shortened-residence exceptions do not apply to people who received special permission to stay or landing after a landing-denial ground applied; they must first reside 10 years after that permission.
  永住許可に関するガイドライン（令和８年１０月１日改定） 第3注５ · 2026-10-22 核对 · 自 2027-04-01 起施行
• The livelihood test expects economic conditions at or above the level of Japanese households, both now and in the future, and is judged per household living on the same budget.
  永住許可に関するガイドライン（令和８年１０月１日改定） 第2の4(1) · 2026-10-22 核对 · 自 2027-04-01 起施行
• If the expected pension falls short, financial assets that can cover the shortfall are treated as making up the gap, and the required asset amount is lower for younger applicants.
  永住許可に関するガイドライン（令和８年１０月１日改定） 第2の4(3) · 2026-10-22 核对 · 自 2027-04-01 起施行
• Good conduct means obeying the law and living without social reproach; repeated illegal or nuisance acts lead to failing the requirement.
  永住許可に関するガイドライン（令和８年１０月１日改定） 第2の3 · 2026-10-22 核对 · 自 2027-04-01 起施行
• Unpaid public charges count against the applicant; 'public taxes' cover income, residence, corporate and property taxes, and 'public charges' include public health insurance and pension premiums.
  永住許可に関するガイドライン（令和８年１０月１日改定） 第2の5(3) · 2026-10-22 核对 · 自 2027-04-01 起施行

数值与标准

• Under the October 2026 guideline, an unreasonable absence of six months or more on a single trip, or 2 years 6 months or more in total, within the 10 years before applying counts against the applicant.
  永住許可に関するガイドライン（令和８年１０月１日改定） 第2の5(6) · 2026-10-22 核对 · 自 2027-04-01 起施行
• Income is judged by whether household annual income continuously exceeds the average income of Japanese households of the same size; the guideline gives no yen amounts.
  永住許可に関するガイドライン（令和８年１０月１日改定） 第2の4(2) · 2026-10-22 核对 · 自 2026-10-01 起施行
• For applications filed from 1 April 2027, the guideline also looks at the pension the applicant can expect, compared with the pension of someone who worked 30 years in the employees' pension scheme at the income level of the Japanese household average.
  永住許可に関するガイドライン（令和８年１０月１日改定） 第2の4(3) · 2026-10-22 核对 · 自 2027-04-01 起施行
• The ISA has said in its public-comment answers of 1 October 2026 that it does not plan to publish the yen amounts of the income benchmark, the target pension level or the age-based asset amount, so the guideline text and any official table contain no figures to hard-code.
  永住許可に関するガイドライン案改定に係る意見募集の結果について（別紙：御意見の要旨及び御意見に対する考え方） No.17 (別紙) · 2026-10-22 核对 · 自 2026-10-01 起施行
• The income benchmark is applied as a single nationwide level rather than by prefecture or city of residence, because the ISA reasons that a permanent resident may move.
  永住許可に関するガイドライン案改定に係る意見募集の結果について（別紙：御意見の要旨及び御意見に対する考え方） No.38 (別紙) · 2026-10-22 核对 · 自 2026-10-01 起施行
• For households of five or more the guideline adds an unspecified living-cost increment to the household-size benchmark, and the increment amount is not published either; dependants abroad count toward household size even if they live apart.
  永住許可に関するガイドライン（令和８年１０月１日改定） 第2の4(2) · 2026-10-22 核对 · 自 2026-10-01 起施行
• The three tests are linked as follows: household income must continuously reach the nationwide household-size benchmark; the expected pension must reach the 30-year employees'-pension level; and a shortfall can be covered only by enough financial assets, whose required amount falls with younger age, with a spouse's expected pension added to the applicant's and the 'Category 3 insured' pension of a dependent spouse added to the target.
  永住許可に関するガイドライン（令和８年１０月１日改定） 第2の4(3) · 2026-10-22 核对 · 自 2027-04-01 起施行
• Answering requests to use the median or to set a higher bar, the ISA kept the wording that household income must continuously exceed the average income of Japanese households of the same size, and said meeting a Japanese-equivalent level is enough to assure self-support now and in future.
  永住許可に関するガイドライン案改定に係る意見募集の結果について（別紙：御意見の要旨及び御意見に対する考え方） No.31, No.33 (別紙) · 2026-10-22 核对 · 自 2026-10-01 起施行

期间

• As a rule the applicant should have lived in Japan continuously for 10 years or more at the time of application.
  永住許可に関するガイドライン（令和８年１０月１日改定） 第2の5(6) · 2026-10-22 核对 · 自 2027-04-01 起施行
• Of the 10 years, at least 5 continuous years must have been spent in a work-purpose status or a residence-type status.
  永住許可に関するガイドライン（令和８年１０月１日改定） 第2の5(6) · 2026-10-22 核对 · 自 2027-04-01 起施行
• From 1 April 2027 the spouse route needs a genuine marriage lasting 5 years or more plus 3 continuous years of residence in Japan; a biological child of such a person needs 3 years of continuous residence.
  永住許可に関するガイドライン（令和８年１０月１日改定） 第3の1 · 2026-10-22 核对 · 自 2027-04-01 起施行
• Under the February 2026 guideline, the spouse route requires a genuine marriage of 3 years or more and 1 year of continuous residence in Japan; a child needs 1 year.
  永住許可に関するガイドライン（令和８年２月２４日改訂） 2(1) · 2026-10-22 核对 · 自 2026-02-24 起施行
• A holder of Long-Term Resident status can apply after 5 continuous years in Japan instead of 10.
  永住許可に関するガイドライン（令和８年１０月１日改定） 第3の2 · 2026-10-22 核对 · 自 2027-04-01 起施行
• Recognised refugees and complementary-protection beneficiaries need 5 or more continuous years of residence after recognition.
  永住許可に関するガイドライン（令和８年１０月１日改定） 第3の3 · 2026-10-22 核对 · 自 2027-04-01 起施行
• A highly skilled professional scoring 70 points or more can apply after 3 continuous years in Japan while keeping the score, or when a 70-plus score is confirmed as of three years before filing and has been held continuously for those 3 years.
  永住許可に関するガイドライン（令和８年１０月１日改定） 第3の6 · 2026-10-22 核对 · 自 2027-04-01 起施行
• A highly skilled professional scoring 80 points or more qualifies after 1 continuous year while keeping the score.
  永住許可に関するガイドライン（令和８年１０月１日改定） 第3の7 · 2026-10-22 核对 · 自 2027-04-01 起施行

期限

• A person whose status is revoked rather than changed is given a period of not more than 30 days to leave Japan, which may carry conditions on residence and movement.
  出入国管理及び難民認定法（令和6年法律第60号による改正後・2027-04-01施行版） 第22条の4第7項・第8項 · 2026-10-22 核对 · 自 2027-04-01 起施行
• People who already hold Business Manager status cannot be refused an extension merely for missing the new standard until 16 October 2028; the grace covers extensions only, and after the effective date permanent residence from Business Manager status, or from business-based Highly Skilled Professional status, is not granted to someone who does not meet the revised standard.
  在留資格「経営・管理」に係る上陸基準省令等の改正について 問1 · 2026-10-22 核对 · 自 2025-10-16 起施行
• The renewal application for the card is made from three months before the expiry date until the expiry date at the immigration office for the residence, and costs nothing.
  在留カードの有効期間の更新申請 申請期間・手数料 · 2026-10-22 核对
• A change of address must be reported to the municipal office within 14 days of moving, with the residence card, and failing to do so is punishable by a fine of up to 200,000 yen.
  出入国管理及び難民認定法（e-Gov 法令検索・2026-10-01施行時点） 第19条の9第1項 · 2026-10-23 核对
• Changes to the name, date of birth, sex or nationality/region shown on the card must be reported to the ISA within 14 days of the change.
  出入国管理及び難民認定法（e-Gov 法令検索・2026-10-01施行時点） 第19条の10・第19条の4第1項第1号 · 2026-10-23 核对
• A mid- to long-term resident who left with a re-entry permission and does not re-enter within its validity must return the residence card to the Commissioner within 14 days of that event.
  新たな在留管理制度に関するＱ＆Ａ（在留カード） Q69 · 2026-10-23 核对

费用

• The fee for a permanent residence permit is 200,000 yen, payable when the permit is granted, for applications received from 1 October 2026.
  永住許可申請（手続案内） · 2026-10-22 核对 · 自 2026-10-01 起施行
• Applications received up to 30 September 2026 still pay the old 10,000 yen fee even if the permit is granted after 1 October.
  永住許可申請（手続案内） · 2026-10-22 核对 · 自 2026-10-01 起施行
• A permanent residence applicant who is a spouse or child of a Japanese national, a permanent resident or a special permanent resident, and who is in hardship close to the public-assistance level and needs humanitarian consideration, may have the fee reduced to 20,000 yen; no other permanent residence applicants are eligible for a reduction, and the reduction cannot be claimed through the online system, so filing is at the counter.
  令和８年１０月１日以降における在留許可手数料の減額措置又は免除措置について · 2026-10-22 核对 · 自 2026-10-01 起施行
• The fee for permanent residence is set by cabinet order within a statutory ceiling of 300,000 yen in Article 67 of the Immigration Control Act.
  出入国管理及び難民認定法（e-Gov 法令検索・2026-10-01施行時点） 第67条第1項第3号 · 2026-10-22 核对 · 自 2026-10-01 起施行
• No fee is charged for acquiring permanent resident status on a ground such as birth, as opposed to applying to change from another status.
  永住許可申請（手続案内） · 2026-10-22 核对 · 自 2026-10-01 起施行
• There is no fee for a naturalization application.
  帰化許可申請（法務省 申請手続案内） · 2026-10-22 核对

流程

• For permanent residence applications handled at the counter, the fee is paid with revenue stamps, with the stamp amount stated on the notice postcard.
  令和８年１０月１日付け在留許可手数料の額の改定等について · 2026-10-22 核对 · 自 2026-10-01 起施行
• An applicant must file before the current period of stay expires, and if it will expire while the application is pending, a separate extension application must be filed by the expiry date.
  永住許可申請（手続案内） · 2026-10-22 核对
• Permanent residence applications are filed at the regional immigration office with jurisdiction over the applicant's residence.
  永住許可申請（手続案内） · 2026-10-22 核对
• There is no administrative appeal procedure against a decision on a permanent residence application.
  永住許可申請（手続案内） · 2026-10-22 核对
• The letter of guarantee is normally given by a guarantor who lives in Japan and is a Japanese national, a permanent resident or a special permanent resident.
  永住許可申請（手続案内） · 2026-10-22 核对
• Since 1 October 2021 a signed letter of understanding has been required with every permanent residence application.
  永住許可申請３（就労関係の在留資格・家族滞在の方） 15 · 2026-10-22 核对 · 自 2021-10-01 起施行
• Certificates issued in Japan must be dated within three months of filing, and documents in foreign languages need a Japanese translation.
  永住許可申請３（就労関係の在留資格・家族滞在の方） · 2026-10-22 核对
• The ISA publishes self-check sheets and warns that a single 'No' answer makes refusal likely, while all 'Yes' answers do not guarantee approval.
  永住許可申請３（就労関係の在留資格・家族滞在の方） 重要２ · 2026-10-22 核对

处罚

• Separately from revocation, even a permanent resident sentenced to life or to more than one year of imprisonment may be deported regardless of the offence.
  永住許可制度の適正化Q＆A Ｑ１１ · 2026-10-22 核对
• Even a negligent breach of such an obligation can fit the ground, but a single lapse such as forgetting to renew the card or carry it is not expected to lead to revocation by itself, and 'justifiable reasons' such as illness or disaster excuse the breach.
  永住者の在留資格の取消しに関するガイドライン 第2の1(2)(3) · 2026-10-22 核对 · 自 2027-04-01 起施行
• A letter of guarantee has no legal enforceability against the guarantor, so the guarantor is not legally liable to pay or to arrange departure, and the authorities only urge performance, but failing to perform can mean losing credibility as a guarantor in later applications, a moral responsibility.
  出入国審査・在留審査Q&A Ｑ５３ · 2026-10-22 核对
• Failing to renew the residence card within the application period can bring imprisonment of up to one year or a fine of up to 200,000 yen.
  在留カード等に関するＱ＆Ａ（新しい在留管理制度） 有効期間更新を怠った場合 · 2026-10-22 核对
• A foreign resident who leaves Japan without a re-entry permission (a deemed re-entry permission counts as such) loses the residence status and period of stay held before leaving.
  再入国許可（入管法第26条） 再入国許可 · 2026-10-22 核对

清单与表格

• Workers must submit five years of resident-tax assessment and payment certificates, plus proof that resident tax was paid on time unless it was withheld from salary.
  永住許可申請３（就労関係の在留資格・家族滞在の方） 7(1) · 2026-10-22 核对
• Workers must also submit national tax certificates (type 3) covering withholding, income, consumption, inheritance and gift taxes.
  永住許可申請３（就労関係の在留資格・家族滞在の方） 7(2) · 2026-10-22 核对
• Proof of pension premium payment for the past two years is required, such as the pension office's insured-record reply, a full-period pension notice or Nenkin Net printouts.
  永住許可申請３（就労関係の在留資格・家族滞在の方） 8(1) · 2026-10-22 核对
• Spouses of Japanese nationals or permanent residents submit tax records for the last three years, while biological children of such persons submit one year.
  永住許可申請１（日本人・永住者・特別永住者の配偶者又は実子等の方） 6 · 2026-10-22 核对
• Documents proving nationality and family relationships should in principle be those issued by the authorities of the applicant's home country.
  国籍Ｑ＆Ａ（法務省） Ｑ11 · 2026-10-22 核对
• Besides tax and pension, the checklist for work-status applicants asks for proof of health-insurance premium payment over the last two years, so the health-insurance lookback is two years, the same as for pension.
  永住許可申請３（就労関係の在留資格・家族滞在の方） 8(2) · 2026-10-22 核对
• Highly Skilled Professionals on the 80-point route (one year in the status) supply only one year of income and tax proof and one year of pension and health-insurance premium proof.
  永住許可申請４－（１）－ア（80点以上の高度専門職） 6, 8(1)(2) · 2026-10-22 核对
• On the 70-point Highly Skilled Professional route the ISA checklist asks for the last three years of resident-tax certificates and payment proof but only two years of pension and health-insurance premium proof.
  永住許可申請４－（２）－ア（70点以上の高度専門職） 6, 8(1)(2) · 2026-10-22 核对

近期变更

• From 1 April 2027, Article 22(2) is amended so the national-interest test expressly refers to compliance with obligations under the Act and payment of taxes and other public charges.
  出入国管理及び難民認定法（e-Gov 法令検索・2027-04-01施行版／令和6年法律第60号） 第22条第2項 · 2026-10-22 核对 · 自 2027-04-01 起施行
• The separate 'contribution to Japan' permanent-residence guideline is abolished on 31 March 2027, when the October 2026 guideline takes over.
  永住許可（入管法第22条） お知らせ · 2026-10-22 核对 · 自 2027-03-31 起施行
• Which guideline applies depends on the filing date: the February 2026 text up to 31 March 2026; the February text for 1 April 2026 to 31 March 2027 except that the October 2026 income provisions apply; and the October 2026 text for filings from 1 April 2027.
  永住許可（入管法第22条） お知らせ · 2026-10-22 核对 · 自 2026-10-01 起施行
• The October 2026 guideline revision applies in full to filings from 1 April 2027, though its income and public-burden provisions also reach pending cases filed within six months before the revision date.
  永住許可に関するガイドライン（令和８年１０月１日改定） 第6 · 2026-10-22 核对 · 自 2027-04-01 起施行
• The comprehensive measures set by the ministerial council on foreign nationals on 23 January 2026 list, as a future issue, reviewing the livelihood and national-interest requirements for permanent residence and considering a Japanese and rules-learning programme as a condition.
  外国人の受入れ・秩序ある共生のための総合的対応策（令和８年１月２３日） ⑤ⅳ 施策番号36 · 2026-10-22 核对 · 自 2026-01-23 起施行
• The ISA held a public comment period from 4 August to 3 September 2026 on the draft revision of the permanent-residence guideline, and on the draft revocation guideline, before the October 2026 versions were issued.
  永住許可（入管法第22条） お知らせ · 2026-10-22 核对 · 自 2026-08-04 起施行
• From 1 April 2027 a permanent resident's status can be revoked if the holder fails to comply with obligations set out in the Immigration Control Act (the separate address-notification grounds excepted) or deliberately fails to pay taxes and public charges (Art. 22-4(1)(viii)).
  出入国管理及び難民認定法（e-Gov 法令検索・2027-04-01施行版／令和6年法律第60号） 第22条の4第1項第8号 · 2026-10-22 核对 · 自 2027-04-01 起施行
• The same amendment adds a revocation ground for a permanent resident sentenced to imprisonment for specified intentional offences such as theft, fraud, extortion, murder or dangerous driving causing injury (Art. 22-4(1)(ix)).
  出入国管理及び難民認定法（e-Gov 法令検索・2027-04-01施行版／令和6年法律第60号） 第22条の4第1項第9号 · 2026-10-22 核对 · 自 2027-04-01 起施行